The 40-year-old sperm donor has healthy kids and his semen sample was normal, and researchers had already sequenced his whole genome using other cells. They were able to compare that result with the 91 individual sperm cells they isolated from his sample. This allowed an interesting view of recombination — the genetic mixing that ensures a baby’s DNA contains genetic material from all four of its grandparents.

 Recombination causes genetic variation in babies because of how it mixes the parents’ DNA. Human cells have 46 chromosomes — two copies of 23 chromosomes — and in reproductive cells, these are partitioned into one copy of each 23. When these gametes (sperm and egg cells) join, the resulting fertilized egg has each set. When this recombination occurs, pairs of chromosomes line up, as Stanford’s news site explains it. Sometimes during the queuing process, portions of matching chromosomes mix. This is responsible for the genetic variation in the resulting offspring.

 

“The exact sites, frequency and degree of this genetic mixing process is unique for each sperm and egg cell, and we've never before been able to see it with this level of detail,” said Stephen Quake, professor of bioengineering at Stanford and lead author of this new study.