In 1610 Galileo, used his early telescope and saw for the first time in human history that moons orbited Jupiter. If Aristotle were right about all things orbiting Earth, then these moons could not exist. Galileo also observed the phases of Venus, which proved that the planet orbits the Sun

Copernicus rightly observed that the planets revolve around the Sun, it was Kepler who correctly defined their orbits. Kepler's laws of planetary motion, published by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619. At the age of 27, Kepler became the assistant of a wealthy astronomer, Tycho Brahe, who asked him to define the orbit of Mars. Brahe had collected a lifetime of astronomical observations, which, on his death, passed into Kepler's hands. Brahe had his own Earth-centered model of the Universe.