Two contract psychologists developed some of them for the CIA in the summer of 2002, according to a report on the agency's Detention and Interrogation Program.

Grayson Swigert and Hammond Dunbar had experience with the US Air Force Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape (SERE) school, established at the end of the Korean War to minimize the risk of sensitive intelligence falling into enemy hands.

A manual used in training soldiers to withstand brutal interrogation techniques also served as a foundation for US interrogation methods.

The Senate report says, "Neither psychologist had any experience as an interrogator, nor did either have specialized knowledge of al-Qa'ida, a background in counterterrorism, or any relevant cultural or linguistic expertise."