Christine Kim, vice president of Galaxy Digital's research team, released the report on June 3. It reveals multiple stakeholders who hold the keys to Ethereum's governance.

Speaking with Cointelegraph on the risks of not having direct on-chain voting by ETH holders, Kim said:

"The less Ethereum as a technology needs to rely on governance for value and sustainability, the better. The more Ethereum can ossify parts of its codebase, the less the network will be at risk of regulatory capture and centralization. The risks of Ethereum being governed by off-chain forums and processes are not unlike the risks that exist even with on-chain forms of governance. 

According to the report, the groups collaborating on the off-chain processes include client teams, validator node operators, the Ethereum Foundation (EF) and decentralized application (DApp) developers."

Client teams and validator node operators

According to the report, client teams are central to decision-making, proposals, discussion and implementation of changes through Ethereum Improvement Proposals.

"Client teams build and maintain the software needed to run and connect to the Ethereum network." 

Validator node operators were also highlighted by the report as they have "the agency to implement or reject code changes" made to the Ethereum network — essentially voting by choosing which software version to run.

Although the EF's direct influence has waned over time, it still supports the development efforts on Ethereum as its "earliest and most prominent [...] nonprofit organization."

DApp devs, forums and communities

Kim's report also revealed that DApp developers influence certain features and upgrades based on user needs.

"DApp developers are the primary users of Ethereum, interacting with the Ethereum codebase to deploy smart contract code."