CARACAS, Venezuela

On a recent weekday, just a few miles from where the government was holding military exercises preparing for a foreign invasion, about a dozen senior citizens were gathered in a classroom learning about another war-time innovation.

"Vertical gardens were pioneered during World War II," a teacher said as he instructed them on how to turn plastic bottles into planters that could be hung on a wall or balcony. "We need to take advantage of every space possible."

This is Venezuela's latest weapon in its battle against hunger: urban agriculture.

As the country has been swamped with images of empty shelves, soul-crushing lines and food riots, the administration is urging city-dwellers to embrace modern-day Victory Gardens.

Urban Ag

In January, President Nicolás Maduro created the Ministry of Urban Agriculture, saying it was critical to "fight the grave economic situation" being produced by "falling oil prices and the war being waged by the U.S. Empire against our national economy." More recently, the administration has said metropolitan areas should grow at least 20 percent of their own food.

Urban farming is a global trend from Miami to Hong Kong, but here it's as much necessity as hobby.

With everything being so precarious we have to go back to the land...Even if that land is inside the city — in our homes Petra Meneses

A poll by DatinCorp in April found 86 percent of those surveyed bought "less" or "much less" food than they used to, and only 54 percent said they ate three meals a day.

Petra Meneses, a retired 66-year-old doctor, said the soaring prices of vegetables had driven her to get serious about home gardening. In her neighborhood, a bag of green peppers is running about 1,800 bolivares — that's about $4 dollars, or almost a tenth of her monthly social security check.

"With everything being so precarious we have to go back to the land," she said. "Even if that land is inside the city — in our homes."

Why a country that boasts the world's largest oil reserves is struggling to keep food on the table is as much about global forces as perverse policies.

Many farmers blame government neglect, expropriations and populist price controls for strangling rural development. Rice, sugar and corn — staples of the Venezuelan diet — all cost more to grow than they can be legally sold for, according to the Federation of Agriculture.

Black Market

The regulated food that does make it to the store is often scooped up by bachaqueros, people who buy food and household goods to resell them at huge markups on the black market. As a result, while the regulated price of an egg is 14 bolivares, it's nearly impossible to find one that costs less than 100 bolivares.

To complicate matters, Venezuela has the world's highest inflation, expected to surpass 500 percent this year, which only exacerbates hoarding. (Consumers often stock up today on items they know will cost more tomorrow.)

The result of all these pressures create a confusing montage: apocalyptic lines and bare shelves at stores that sell regulated goods, while neighboring stores that deal in unregulated products might be stocked but at unaffordable prices.

Jaqueline Tavárez, 50, had woken up at 3 a.m and dragged her 2-year-old grandson across town in hopes of finding some food on a recent weekday. She was number 60 in a line that stretched hundreds of people long to get into a grocery store.

"I will buy whatever I can find," she said of her shopping list. "Right now, in our neighborhood, I can't find rice, pasta, yuca or potatoes."

She said she and her older daughter often skipped meals to keep her grandson fed.

"We just can't afford it," she said. "How are we going to pay 4,000 bolivares ($9) for milk or 1,500 ($3) for rice?"