Along with burgers, brats, and BBQ, fireworks are a Fourth of July staple in the US. And they always have been. Founding father John Adams wanted "illuminations from one end of this continent to the other" to commemorate Independence Day even before the 13 colonies were fully independent. But the chemical cocktail that explodes in showers of color hasn't changed all that much since those days. Sure, the shows have gotten far more sophisticated—technicians can now time brighter colors, comets, and complex displays to the crescendo of any song. Here's what lights up the sky.

Black Powder

Invented in ninth-century China, this mix of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur is what makes fireworks (plus guns and explosives), well, work. In a traditional firework a lit fuse kicks off the reaction, igniting the powder in the bottom of the shell. As the potassium nitrate burns, it lets off oxygen. The O2 helps the charcoal and sulfur burn too, producing hot gases that hurl the firework into the sky. Seconds later, a delayed fuse reaches the center of the payload, igniting the main shell to unleash a spectacle of light and sound.

Metal Salts

The rockets' red glare as fireworks burst in air is simple chemistry: luminescence! As pellets containing metal salts inside the payload heat up, their electrons get excited and release excess energy as light.